Remdesivir is one such antiviral drug, and it has reduced the duration of therapy to 11 days in comparison to 15 days in the case of patients receiving standard care only. Another 21 million worked in health care industries, and over 10 million in transportation and logistics. The classification of "pandemic" comes when a disease affects the global population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Modifying outpatient operations is important to reduce crowding and to prevent the mixing of infectious with noninfectious patients at facilities, and prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2. 31. COVID-19 pandemic: prevention and protection measures to be adopted at the workplace. This update introduces a formal definition of both frontline workers and essential industries, demonstrating a fixed relationship between the two terms. (2020) 16:174552. The patients/participants or their legal guardians have to provide their written informed consent to participate in this study. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants. While fever, cough, loss of taste or smell, and shortness of breath are common symptoms of COVID-19, other symptoms may include fatigue, chills, body aches, headache, sore throat, runny nose, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. When community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is suspected, facility leadership and the IPC focal point should review IPC guidance and operational considerationsfor healthcare facilities and follow national IPC guidance to prepare facilities to safely triage and manage patients with COVID-19 symptoms. Nevertheless, this was an online self-reported survey conducted during lockdown due to pandemic, and this affected our outreach to the general population. Lancet. "Flattening the curve" is a result of early non-clinical interventions to support the healthcare system capacity. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30743-1, 17. Our sample was obviously over-representative of well-educated people, including healthcare workers, and those who have access to computers and the internet. For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. rate from the national COVID-19 surveillance data. The frequently reported complications of COVID-19 were pneumonia (79.4%), kidney failure (22.8%), and death (54.9%) by the respondents. World Health Organization. COVIDis short for "coronavirusdisease." This survey showed that HCWs and people with higher education have a better understanding of the disease than their counterparts. We continue to support improved health and life insurance for all frontline workers, and this list should clarify the specific types of risks faced and price-out those policies. World Health Organization. The CDC notes that in most situations the two mRNA vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna are preferred over the Johnson & Johnson vaccine due to a risk of serious adverse events. Significant proportions of HCWs (P < 0.05) and more educated participants (P < 0.05) showed considerable knowledge of the disease, and all respondents displayed good preparedness for the prevention and control of COVID-19. Front. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. Hence it may not truly represent the entire population of the study region. Favipiravir (Avigan) is another drug that has exhibited promising activity in significantly reducing the viral load in comparison to standard care in several trials (23). This document outlines strategies to implement infection prevention and control (IPC) guidance in non-U.S. outpatient facilities in areas of widespread community transmissionof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020. Learn a new word every day. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30172-7, 20. The results of this survey indicated that the majority of respondents were aware of the knowledge, preventive measures and well prepared to fight against COVID-19. 48. <> Alshammari FS. These workers may frequently be in close physical proximity to customers and colleagues or may be exposed to germs and other potentially hazardous conditions. (2020) 395:10934. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Analysts have tried to sort out these competing terms, giving a bit more statistical clarity to which businesses are open and which workers are leaving their homes. Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, Zhang QQ, Liu XG, Li WT, et al. Different genetic variations of a virus are referred to as strains. P3, Check patient care equipment, including portable ventilators. Frontline workers tend to be less educated than other essential workers and the wider U.S. workforce, which can limit their ability to qualify for other jobs in the short and long term. JMIR Public Health Surveill. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. This document complements infection prevention and control (IPC) guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO). New masking guidelines are in effect starting April 24. Globally, extraordinary measures are being adopted to combat the formidable spread of the ongoing outbreak. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45221, 11. Approximately, half of the respondents (42.4%) report that they seek more information on COVID-19. Under such conditions, people's adherence to preventive measures is greatly affected by their awareness of the disease.Aim: This study was aimed to . CDC explains that Pfizer and Moderna are preferred in most situations. Data has shown that the COVID-19 virus spreads mainly from person to person among those in close contact. 42. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses are closely related. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. (2017) 11:205. Among the 808 total occupations where data is available, we found there are 380 frontline occupations that employ nearly 50 million workers nationally, or around a third (34.5%) of all U.S. workers. Since, it was not feasible to conduct a community-based national sampling survey during this critical period; we decided to collect the data online through a Google survey. SARS-CoV-2 may have originated in an animal and changed (mutated) so it could cause illness in humans. A mathematical model to investigate the transmission of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. So far, more than 9 million confirmed cases of COVID- 19 infections have been identified globally with more than 0.46 million confirmed deaths (as on June 21, 2020). Pandemics are usually caused by new infectious agents (bacteria or . Vaccines & Boosters | Testing | Visitor Guidelines | Coronavirus. *Correspondence: Pankaj Tripathi, pankaj10pcol@gmail.com, http://www.chinacdc.cn/yyrdgz/202001/P020200128523354919292.pdf, https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-1911-march-2020, https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/issue-brief/the-publics-awareness-of-and-concerns-about-coronavirus/, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200307-sitrep-47-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=27c364a4_4, https://hr.un.org/sites/hr.un.org/files/Administrative%20Guidelines%20-%20Novel%20Coronavirus%20Final_Version%201.0_13%20February%202020_0.pdf, WHO/2019-nCoV/Sci_Brief/Transmission_modes/2020.2, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html, https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-shows-remdesivir-accelerates-recovery-advanced-covid-19, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment, https://investor.regeneron.com/news-releases/news-release-details/regeneron-and-sanofi-provide-update-us-phase-23-adaptive, https://www.recoverytrial.net/news/low-cost-dexamethasone-reduces-death-by-up-to-one-third-in-hospitalised-patients-with-severe-respiratory-complications-of-covid-19, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200303-sitrep-43-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=76e425ed_2, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200621-covid-19-sitrep-153.pdf?sfvrsn=c896464d_2, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200313-sitrep-53-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=adb3f72_2, https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-331495, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330987, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html, https://www.moh.gov.sa/CCC/healthp/regulations/Documents/Coronavirus%20Disease%202019%20Guidelines%20v1.1.pdf, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/srp-04022020.pdf, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/training/online-training, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/considerations-for-public-health-and-social-measures-in-the-workplace-in-the-context-of-covid-19, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Egypt J Hosp Med. Coronavirus Symptoms: Frequently Asked Questions, if you feel sick and are concerned you might have COVID-19, Johnson & Johnson vaccine due to a risk of serious adverse events. Consider the following measures: Infrastructure and healthcare workforce for IPC. Table 7. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Bring visual alerts or signs to encourage patients to take appropriate IPC precautions while waiting in queues, including maintaining physical distance of 1 meter from others (based on, Clean and disinfect commonly touched surfaces in the. (2020) Available online at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html (accessed March 29, 2020), 18. SA: visualization and investigation. 34. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. More infections can result in more people getting very sick and also create more opportunity for the virus to develop further mutations. Without more specific definitions, it will be hard to prioritize their safety and determine the cost and eligibility for pandemic-specific benefits, such as additional equipment, insurance, sick leave, hazard pay, and other protections. The information can be inserted into a, Apply strategies for optimal use of PPE following WHO. Significant differences were observed in awareness about protective measures between educational groups and occupational groups (Tables 4, 5). Lancet. Received: 15 May 2020; Accepted: 28 July 2020; Published: 18 August 2020. The COVID-19 epidemic could lead to similar far-reaching, historically significant global change, according to one historian. We define frontline workers as employees within essential industries who must physically show up to their jobs. (2020, March 8) Available online at: https://arab.news/6g3ve (accessed March 8, 2020). Lancet Respir Med. Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. A total of 1,000 participants completed the survey questionnaire, the split being 46.1% male and 53.9% female. What is the operational definition for COVID-19? 2 0 obj Protecting all essential workers is important, but defining the subset of essential workers who must physically report to their jobs and are most vulnerable to health riskswhat we call frontline workersdemands greater attention. The following recommendations will help scale and prioritize those policies: Since the COVID-19 national lockdowns began, the term frontline workers has emerged to capture the vast number of people who must still report to work in the face of unknown threats to their physical health. The COVID-19 pandemic has already inflicted enormous economic and physical pain. Knowledge and preparedness do translate into improved practices toward COVID-19 prevention and the same was reflected in this study. COVID-19 can be severe, and has caused millions of deaths around the world as well as lasting health problems in some who have survived the illness. Assess the patients ability to engage in home monitoring, their ability to safely isolate at home, and the risk of their transmitting the virus to others in their home. <> COVID-19 is diagnosed through a test. Additionally, in communities with widespread community transmission of COVID-19, implementing source control for patients, visitors, and health workers at facilities through universal use of masks can also reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Table 4. COVID-19 Vaccine: Can It Affect Your Mammogram Results? If you have a fever or any of the symptoms listed above, call your doctor or a health care provider and explain your symptoms over the phone before going to the doctors office, urgent care facility or emergency room. AM: software, validation, and formal analysis. 22. In the long term, social economy . P8, I don't know. fungus) that can cause disease. 47. P7, Do not need any preparation. The outbreak of the new coronavirus, COVID-19, that began in Wuhan, China, may well turn into a global pandemic. With most experts indicating that a COVID-19 vaccine may not appear for months or years, there is tangible urgency to adopt such technical reforms as soon as possible. Apart from antiviral drugs, convalescent plasma for COVID-19 (as passive antibody therapy) has also been tested, proving to be of possible benefit in severely ill COVID-19 patients. World Health Organization; 2020, Considerations for integrating infection prevention and control into national pandemic preparedness and response planning for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). 51. Surprisingly, during the first week of March 2020, devastating numbers of new cases were reported globally, and the WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic on March 11 (4, 5). COVID-19 symptoms: These include respiratory illness with fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Dating back to our earliest times, humankind has experienced the psychological impact of a wide range of catastrophes, including famines, floods, earthquakes, wildfires, windstorms, wars, and, last but certainly not least, outbreaks of potentially deadly infectious diseases. As natural hazards are inevitable; the disaster is not, (36) to facilitate the management of the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia, there is an urgent need to understand the public's awareness and preparedness for COVID-19 during this challenging time. doi: 10.2196/19160. Coronaviruses are named for their appearance: corona means crown. The viruss outer layers are covered with spike proteins that surround them like a crown. After two years of virtual festivals (thanks, The first scare under its new identity came when, Launched last year, the Michigan Homeowner Assistance Fund (MIHAF), backed by federal pandemic dollars, provides up to $25,000 in grants to people financially impacted by, Fletcher was re-elected as Fourth District supervisor in November, defeating Republican challenger Amy Reichert, a leader of local opposition to the countys actions on, Despite having to overcome barriers to film during. Althobaity HM, Alharthi RAS, Altowairqi MH, Alsufyani ZA, Aloufi NS, Altowairqi AE, et al. Infection prevention and control during health care when coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is suspected or confirmed. Since the 2019 coronavirus is related to the original coronavirus that caused SARS and can also cause severe acute respiratory syndrome, there is SARS in its name: SARS-CoV-2. Download (Free: 898.61 KB ) We examine how contextual and institutional factors are associated with individual subjective well-being, which is measured by individuals' happiness, during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, it helps to keep up with other safety precautions, such as following testing guidelines, wearing a mask, washing your hands and practicing physical distancing. Modifications to outpatient operations for non-essential health services during COVID-19. As the outbreak of COVID-19 is expanding exponentially, spreading beyond borders and spreading across continents, it has been classified as a pandemic. It created havoc and dismay among all nations. Pandemics, especially those involving . COVID is an acronym. Mutations may enable the coronavirus to spread faster from person to person as in the case of the delta and omicron variants. A specific sizing of the frontline workforce also enables Congress to authorize public funding for personal protective equipment (PPE) for disadvantaged businesses and to set related federal requirements for other businesses. Bhagavathula AS, Aldhaleei WA, Rahmani J, Mahabadi MA, Bandari DK. All told, over 54 million workers spanned just these three sectors. World Health organization. Heres whyand how it should work, Coronavirus (COVID-19) Families, Communities, and Education. Similarly, non-facility-based care, which includes outreach services to peoples homes or mobile services, help minimize crowding at healthcare facilities while maintaining essential health services. People Who Are at Higher Risk for Severe Illness. The WHO has published guidance for public health and social measures at the workplace within the context of COVID-19. Public sector workers represented almost 26% of all essential workers. World Health organization. V1.1. They effectively improved the clinical symptoms and suppressed the worsening of acute COVID-19 patients and reduced the mortality rate (27, 28). In addition, specific measures for workplaces and jobs at medium risk included frequent cleaning and disinfection of objects and surfaces that are touched regularly (fomites). World Health Organization; 2020, Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This lack of acceptance might have accelerated the spread of this disease among the public. Three groups are well-positioned to contribute to this effort: the Department of Labor, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and DHS. This share is not only higher than the U.S. average for all occupations (53%), but it is also considerably higher than the average for other essential occupations (38.6%). It included HCWs (doctors, nurses, and community pharmacists) and other members of the community, including the employed, unemployed, as well as students. (2020) 130:15458. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8, 15. Globally, extraordinary measures are being adopted to combat the formidable spread of the ongoing outbreak. Therefore, health promotion and awareness programs are warranted to address these particular sections of the population. The uniqueness of this infection is that it shows little or no symptoms in the beginning, and many do not even know they are infected. 2023. Arab News. COVID-19 has already cost millions of retail and manufacturing jobs considered essential by DHS, while essential jobs in construction, state and local government, and other activities may be lost in the coming months, too. 52. By the time infected persons realize that they are infected, they might have spread the disease to a large number of people without their knowledge and any ulterior motives. The present study assessed the awareness and preparedness toward COVID-19 among South Western Saudi residents during the early rapid rise of the COVID-19 outbreak. During the lockdown period, the majority of the people who participated in our study stockpiled sufficient food items, and the frequency of going out to buy groceries and other food items can thus be avoided. This included the standards for all workplaces and specific criteria for workplaces and jobs at medium risk and high risk. In such places where physical distancing of 1 meter cannot be maintained for a particular activity, all mitigating actions possible should be taken to reduce the risk of transmission between workers, clients or customers, contractors, and visitors, and these include staggered activities, minimizing face-to-face and skin-to-skin contact, ensuring workers work side-by-side or facing away from each other rather than face-to-face, and assigning staff to the same shift teams to limit social interaction. COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. Coronavirus and the New Words We Added COVID-19. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/COVID-19. (2020) Available online at: http://www.chinacdc.cn/yyrdgz/202001/P020200128523354919292.pdf (accessed February 19, 2020). Congress should then reserve the option to accept the proposed list via a floor vote or send it back for revisions. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. doi: 10.12816/0043973. See World Health Organization for information . Establish a system of COVID-19 screening and triage for patients arriving at alternate care sites as described in section B. That means not just counting the number of jobs and industries affected, but focusing on individual workers and the nature of the work theyre conducting. Herd immunity is indirect protection from having a large percentage of a population immune to an infectious disease. 4 0 obj Muana C, Hamel L, Kates J, Michaud J, Mollyann. Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. These are establishments that should stay in operation during national emergencies, especially public health crises. (2020) 8:53941. The most common personal protection practices adopted by participants are washing hands (92.7%), social distancing (92.3%), using a face mask (86.5%), and avoiding travel to infected areas or countries (86.9%). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020, Personal protective equipment (PPE) burn rate calculator. COVID-19. Clinics and other facilities that provide outpatient services play an important role in a healthcare systems response to COVID-19 and are critical to provide continued essential health services. Unless hands are visibly soiled, an alcohol-based hand rub is preferred to soap and water. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March 18 and March 25the week immediately after the announcement of lockdown in Saudi Arabia. Mihir Mysore is a leader of McKinsey's work on crisis response and recently . The IPC focal point, in collaboration with other relevant people, should coordinate and apply various activities in the facility: Communicate with local public health authorities to understand protocols for reporting suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients and mechanisms to request supplies or other support. In contrast, female workers are much more concentrated in other essential occupations such as health care, education, and service activities. Diagnosis by examination alone is difficult since many COVID-19 signs and symptoms can be caused by other illnesses. Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. WHO Director-General's Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19. More than 50 countries have confirmed cases of the virus, with the precise nature of the transmission . As the Shift Project detailed, workplace protections are far from universal. Wu Hl, Huangc J, Casper JPZ, Zonglin H, Ming WK. World Health Organization; 2021. University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 | 530-752-1011. These operational considerations are intended for use by health workers, including managers and IPC teams at outpatient facilities in non-U.S. healthcare settings. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as illness caused by a novel coronavirus now called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV), which was first identified amid an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Rarely, an animal coronavirus can infect humans. The numbers are continuously increasing and reached 157,612 on June 21, 2020, with 1,267 confirmed deaths all over the kingdom (30, 31) having reproduction number from 2.87 to 4.9 (32). "Flattening the curve" refers to slowing down the rate of new COVID-19 infections asto not overwhelm healthcare systems with an influx of cases at a given time whilemaintaining the necessary resources to care for sick patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report - 94 HIGHLIGHTS The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) has launched a GOARN COVID-19 Knowledge hub. Chowell G, Mizumoto K. The COVID-19 pandemic in the USA: what might we expect? Currently, SARS CoV-2 is primarily spread through direct contact and short distances by respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Clinical management of COVID-19. Determine amounts of PPE supplies needed to employ contact and droplet precautions for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Available online at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-331495 (accessed April 17, 2020). Vincent JL, Taccone FS. Determining which establishments can open only begins to address the experiences of individual workers who must travel to these job sites. Frontline workers in construction and agriculture (including laborers and farmworkers) are among the least educated, with upwards of 85% having a high school diploma or less. The hub is designed as a central repository of quality public health information, guidance, tools and webinars which can be accessed freely at any point. [1] It was initially reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019. Awareness about personal protection and preparedness against COVID-19. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads easily among people. But, now more than ever, we must remember that, The federal government dramatically expanded the role that pharmacies play in U.S. health care, positioning them at the center of the national vaccination campaign against, After the Memorial Day and Fourth of July weekends, cases of, The goal of the vaccine is to trick cells to produce antibodies against. Much is still unknown about these viruses, but SARS-CoV-2 spreads faster and farther than the 2003 SARS-CoV-1 virus. [2, 3] On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, its first such designation since declaring H1N1 influenza a pandemic in 2009. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Doubts or fears about quarantine can make the public hide behind closed doors. The United States cannot afford to be as flat-footed the next time. The research community races to address a mysterious new disease that threatens lives, livelihoods, and institutions around the world. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-153. Most of the participants (97.7%) correctly identified human-to-human transmission (contaminated person with virus) as the primary mode of transmission. Therefore, to minimize the errors, the sample size taken for this study was 1,000. Educational interventions are urgently needed to reach the targeted residents beyond borders and further measures are warranted. In response to the growing public health threat posed by COVID-19, the Saudi government adopted some unprecedented measures related to awareness and prevention in order to control COVID-19 transmission in the country. All 367 (100%) HCWs who participated in this study say that they checked adequate supplies of goggles, masks, and gowns on hand for emergencies, 99.7% say they prepared links or are in contact with External Resource Centers for COVID-19 such as the CDC or WHO, 98% evaluated the patient care equipment, including portable ventilators (preparation and patient handling checklists), and 83.4% checked and prepared alternative suppliers list of certain personal protective equipment etc. In the short term, social economy actors have assisted the recovery from the crisis by providing innovative solutions that are aimed at strengthening public services to complement government action. For categorical variables, data were presented as frequencies and percentages. COVID-19 is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that emerged in December 2019. Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-developed structured questionnaire that was randomly distributed online among HCWs and other residents (age 12 years) of South-West Saudi Arabia for feedback. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Advice for the Public. 2. After an affirmative response of the question, the participant is directed to complete the self-report questionnaire. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585, 10. However, there were few misconceptions regarding the mode of COVID-19 transmission among the participants, which need to be addressed. COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus. Older people and those with underlying medical . CO stands for corona, VI for virus, D for disease, and 19 for 2019 (year first identified). Frontline workers tend to earn lower wages on average ($21.95 per hour) compared to all U.S. workers ($24.98 per hour), confirming the economic disadvantages many of these workers faced even before the pandemic. The interim playbook serves as an interim playbook for state, territorial (including the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands [USAPI], tribal, and local public health programs and their partners on how to plan and operationalize a vaccination response to COVID-19 within their jurisdictions.
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