The same applies to all ministers and officials. Dihlavi himself had tried his bestand would continue to do so during the coming yearsnot to challenge the leadership of the old guard, but rather to get them on board for a joint effort. He and other representatives of the dn madris argued that they had ijzt from the highest Shia dignitaries in Iraq authorising them to use religious taxes the way they did.221Close While polemics and mud-slinging among the Shia ulam in Pakistan were by no means unusual, this was the first major controversy about a purely religious matter carried out in full public, a foretaste of worse to come in the next two decades. Razkr 26/24:3 (24 June 1963). Traditions (riwyt) in the sense of ahdth, i.e. A suicide bomber in the city of Rawalpindi hurled a grenade into the midst of a Shia procession before detonating his vest and killing 23 people, while other attacks throughout the country from . See a complete list of members in Razkr 29/38:6 (1 October 1966). General Musa mentioned the meeting (without giving the exact date) in his autobiography Jawan to General, p. 206. On some of the suggestions brought forward in 1962 see Razkr 25/6:6 (February 1962); 25/910:9 (18 March 1962); 25/16:4 (24 April 1962). Razkr 30/43:3 (16 November 1967) made allusions about a political Mullah in the service of Qizilbash, and Razkr 31/4243:1 (1624 November 1968) wrote of a malang who had been fielded as a counterweight to Dihlavi by his opponents. Dhakkos arguments for denying the precondition of sincerity (ihkls) to most of the said religious ceremonies in Pakistan were the following: The fact that payments were accepted for majlis-khwn; he considered that someone who held majlis for payment could have anything, but no ikhls; even if such payments were legitimate, as some ulam claimed, that would not mean that there would be any sawb in addition to the fees received.267Close, Singing during the majlis like in popular cinema films.268Close, The rivalry between local anjumans for the most sumptuous majlis; as a result, too many majlis were held at the same place, causing wastage and preventing the fulfilment of other religious obligations.269Close, The fact that majlis were held for showing off and humiliating others; exaggerated adornment of the stage and splendid garment of the zkirs would make majlis look like mahfil and fail to reflect the meaning of azdr.270Close, The sponsors of majlis were not making any difference between sincere preachers and such who were not following the precepts of Islam; the zkirs, for their part, included demonstrative praise for the sponsors in their sermons.271Close, Such preachers and zkirs who were telling true but simple stories were not invited for majlis-khwn; the audience was always looking for entertaining rhetoric and exaggerations.272Close, Preachers and zkirs were promising a ticket to paradise without the proper religious conditions.273Close. As a member of the syllabus committee of Karachi University I have said this many times, and now the two syllabi have also been separated at that university. By 1963and still todayShia-majority areas were confined to Baltistan and the Gilgit Agency, the Kurram Agency of the NWFP, and scattered villages in the northern and western districts of the Punjab from Sialkot and Rawalpindi down to Rajanpur. The Honorary 'Doctor of Humane Letters' (Honoris Causa),. Ghulw and self-exhibiting have made our faith and [religious] acts hollow.139Close There is film-zkir instead of Friday prayers; we have beautiful immbrghs instead of progress of our [religious] schools, and our mosques are deprived of lessons on the Koran and congregational prayers , The issue of separate dnyt has been entrusted to the ulam, and we have seen the result.140Close The protection of azdr is related to the professional interest of the ulam, but efforts for the protection of azdr hardly ever appear on their working agenda; they leave them to the ITHS and the APSC Caring for pilgrim passports141Close is incompatible with the exalted position of the ulam. Account of the recommendations from S. Muhammad Dihlavi, 19 November 1968 (Razkr 31/44:3); see also below, p. 166 (wording of the official statement of 1 November 1968). 14144; Dogar, Mauln Muhammad Husain Dhakko s 150 sul, pp. This list may not reflect recent changes. It took almost five years of increasing communal mobilization to get official acceptance of the three demands by the outgoing Ayub Khan government. S. Muhammad Dihlavi and Mushtaq Husain refused to show up, sending the former minister S. Abid Husain of Jhang and Muhammad Bashir Ansari instead. Translated from Dhakko, Usl al-shara, 2nd ed., pp. He had previously been in the service of Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash and his elder brother Nisr Ali Khan. Top10 Zakir| top ten shia zakir Pakistan |10 famous zakireen Pakistan| zakir Waseem Baloch #zakir #toptenshiazakir#Pakistank10famouszakir#zakirwaseemabbasbloch Razkr 31/4243:8; he was accused under Section 13 of the Public Order Ordinance of 1960 but released on bail shortly after. Otherwise after three months the Shias of Pakistan will be free to take any appropriate steps to secure the acceptance of their demands, and the responsibility for that will fall on the government.347Close, Resolution No. . From 20 February to 1 March 1964 he visited Lahore, meeting with local Shia ulam, advocates, and notables and with the Governor General of West-Pakistan, Amir Muhammad Khan. Even allowing for a certain degree of opportunism, the gratitude for relief from sectarian strife, corrupt politicians and economic hardship seems to have been genuine.20Close. Resisting pressure from the radicals, he named Qizilbash among the five Shia delegates for the joint commission suggested by Ayub Khan, the others being the ITHS chairman S. Mubarak Ali Shah, Mufti Jafar Husain, Ali Ahmad Khan Jafari200Close and Dihlavi himself.201Close, Governor Amir Muhammad Khan, who was to chair the said commission appointed four other high-ranking officials in February 1965.202Close As it turned out, however, not a single meeting of the commission was called during the following seven months, allegedly because Muzaffar Ali Shamsi, the governors favourite among the Shia leaders, was not included.203Close Instead, new restrictions were imposed on religious ceremonies in the form of a Loudspeaker Ordinance in March 1965. A remarkable greeting address was sent to Multan from S. Ibn Hasan Jarchavi, who could not attend the convention due to illness. Its biggest advantage will be that no more sectarian passions can be aroused between Sunnis and Shias, because each Pakistani will understand that we have one God, one Prophet, and one Koran 322Close, The last part of his argument may not look entirely convincing, but Dihlavis views on dnyt were shared in principle even by the Deobandi scholar Mufti Muhammad Shafi (see below). Razkr 26/4:1+5 (24 January 1963); 26/5:23 (1 February 1963). It would reach a climax in the early 1970s, when some prominent ulam became more or less openly affiliated to the Shaikhiya school of thought.300Close Although the latter would then lose ground among the Shia awm, the orthodox ulam have not been able to overcome the hegemony of the zkirs and popular preachers until present times. Two key resolutions of the April 1961 convention had announced the foundation of a Shia daily newspaper and of a Shia ltd. Company engaged in industrial activities in order to provide more qualified employment for the youth, but these projects never took off.70Close The third key resolution was the decision to build a new Shia Hostel in Lahore, which would take another eleven years to be implemented.71Close The only noteworthy initiative launched by the ITHS in the following two years was a convention on 20 January 1963 chaired by Mufti Jafar Husain, which was devoted to the issue of a separate Shia syllabus for dnyt.72Close It revived the same demands that had already been made with little success in the early 1950s, but three months later not even a projected Working Committee had been elected because of jealousies from the side of the APSC.73Close Soon after, the 1963 Muharram violence and its sequels would overshadow everything else for the Shia organisations. Ithn-ashar muballighn-i Afrq k khidmat mn, Authors interview with S. Jafar Naqvi, Karachi 6 January 2001, He was the former head of the Muslim League in Bombay who moved to Karachi after 1947. This was denied emphatically by Mirza Yusuf Husain and by S. Muhammad Dihlavi himself,196Close who issued an immediate clarification in the Shia press: first, presidential elections were a political question, and the rules of a fatw would not apply to them; every Shia had complete freedom in that matter. Translation from Razkr 27/910:3 (18 March 1964). In addition to the two main groups there is a . Starting in October that year, he published a series of articles in his journal Sadqat in which he accused those ulam who run the dn madris with harsh and insulting words of misusing funds given to them as khums. He was an activist of the Muslim League in the 1940s and made an academic career, becoming Head of the Department of Islamic Studies and later Vice-Chancellor of the Punjab University. An article in the July 1968 issue of al-Muballigh praised Qizilbash and the APSC Vice-Chairman S. Hadi Ali Shah Bukhari for their role in foiling attempts to nationalise the Dr ul-Ulm (al-Muballigh 12/6:23). 268. Karachi, On 19th Jan 2009, 15 years old seraiki community Imam Bargah "Babul Hawaij" Gulistan-e-Johar Karachi has been demolished by S.H.O, Police Station Gulistan-e-Johar name Nasrullah (YAZEED), On 15th Jan 2009 S.H.O, Nasrullah (YAZEED) along with police constabulary attack Imam Bargah Babul Hawaij destroyed ALAM BUBARAK (GHAZI ABBAS) and thrown all the wall around the ALAM BUBARAK, On . On some early preachers of Shaikhiya doctrines in British India see Naqvi, Controversy, pp. Since no significant headway had been made trough all meetings with representatives of the state within seven months, an All-Pakistan Shia Convention was called for in Rawalpindi on 2830 August 1964 to discuss further steps. He professed sympathy for the Shia demands and his readiness to solve their problems but maintained that, rather than issuing a decree, it would be better to form a joint commission of some members of the government and delegates named by Dihlavi to find a consensual solution.195Close, On the following day, Naw-i Waqt and some other newspapers reported that the leader of the Shias had proclaimed political support for Ayub Khan. 3857; Malik, Islamisierung, pp. By that time, thousands of Shias from other parts of Pakistan had already arrived in the town for the convention scheduled for 1011 February. But after the lifting of martial law in June 1962, it did not take long until anti-Shia propaganda in word and in writing was resumed with vigour. 11); see Razkr 29/3435:7+10 (18 September 1966). Razkr 24/32:3 (24 August 1961). Almost all of the people of Pakistan are Muslims or at least follow Islamic traditions, and Islamic ideals and practices suffuse virtually all parts of Pakistani life. 15758, 164; 5.8, p. 191. In fact, those who opposed Dhakkos crusade against ghulw would refer to the teachers (muallimn) in a derogatory way.279Close. Razkr 30/11:3 (16 March 1967). See sections 1.3, p. 25; 2.2 p. 44; 3.4, p. 84. They have become obliged to think that their life, property and religious slogans and ceremonies are no longer safe in this country , It can never happen that a minority sect will give up its old religious beliefs and ceremonies on the orders of the majority sect. One repeated the known hard-line positions against azdr,372Close another emphasised the need of including the life of the sahba in the dnyt syllabus, although hinting at the possibility to make it non-compulsory for Shias to attend. One early measure of Ayub Khans government was the Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO) from August 1959, providing former political leaders with the option of being tried for misconduct or disqualifying themselves from engaging in political activity.11Close Muzaffar Ali Qizilbash was the most prominent Shia who opted for political retreat under EBDO until 31 Decemer 1966.12Close His younger brother Major (retd.) 17075. He submitted a written memorandum,192Close reminding the president of the very reasonable demands of the Karachi Convention and of former meetings of Shia representatives with himself, the Governor of West-Pakistan and the Secretary of Education. 18, see Mahmood (ed. According to Murtaza Pooya, only among the Khoja Twelver Shia community of Karachi (and Khoja migrants to Africa) this obligation has been observed fairly faithfully (, Interview with the author, 13 November 2000, Authors interview with Nusrat Ali Shahani (Lahore 21 January 2001), Interview with S. Iqbal Husain Kermani, Lahore 31 January 2001, Literally exaggeration, a terminus in Shiism for excessive veneration of the Imams; see, For a discussion of the above-mentioned questions of Shia doctrine and religious practice in Pakistan see, The founder of the Shaikhiya school of thought in Shiism (17531826); see, Maulana Kausar Niyazi (193494) was the pen-name of Hayat Khan, a long-time member of the JI and editor of the weeklies, The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority, Sayyid Muhammad Dihlavi and his new Shia movement, Conflicts between orthodox ulam and popular preachers, Towards official acceptance of Shia demands, The Musharraf and Zardari Eras, 20002013, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190240967.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190240967.003.0004, Malik, Legitimizing IslamizationThe Case of the Council of Islamic Ideology in Pakistan, pp. The radical Sunni groups, who had so far not taken Dihlavis movement too seriously, were alarmed by what leaked through from the recommendations of the Board and warned the government from introducing separate dnyt or dividing the Auqaf Department.367Close On 6 August 1967 a Sunni Conference was held in Multan to discuss how to counter the divisive Shia demands.368Close Although only a few dozens of some 400 invited Sunni ulam showed up (among them no Barelvi lim of any standing),369Close speakers included Maulana Mufti Mahmud370Close and even Kausar Niyazi.371Close Resolutions against all three demands of the Shias were passed. On 14 December 1967 a three-month ban on public speeches was imposed on Dihlavi and Mushtaq Husain Naqvi.378Close On 4 February 1968 a ban on assemblies (Section 144 PPC) in Hyderabad followed. Although no agreement was reached then, S. Hadi Ali Shah from the APSC and Fayyaz Husain Hamadani from the ITHS accepted their nomination as Shia representatives within the Joint Board.208Close Both were later accused of having consented to the transformation of a number of Shia auqf into Sunni endowments during their term.209Close, The joint commission of Shia and government representatives formed in early 1965 was called for a first session on 7 September 1965incidentally almost coinciding with the start of that years war with India210Closeby the home secretary. 13942, 42148. Most of them have become qasda-khwnn137Close for notables and powerful people. But Sunnis will never have the right to oblige Shias to have the same belief about the first three Caliphs as the Sunnis themselves have just as the Shias would have no right to demand from Sunnis to acknowledge the Imams of the ahl-i bait as masm and as their religious leaders 115Close, The ITHS was allowed to hold an oratory meeting in Lahore (Karbal-i Gme Shh) to protest the Muharram events only more than four months later (18 October 1963).116Close By that time, preparations to organise an alternative platform for the defence of Shia rights had already reached their final stage in Karachi.117Close In December 1963 the Inquiry Committee published excerpts of its report on Lahore; (other parts were withheld in order not to obstruct the ongoing efforts for reconciliation).118Close It mentioned propaganda and counter-propaganda which had stirred up sectarian tensions during the last years, but refrained from putting the blame on the TAS or on any specific individuals. Ibid. Zaidi, Mutlabt aur Khatb-i Azam, p. 81, mentions the elimination of objectionable contents from schoolbooks as the fourth principal demand of the conference.
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