which ecosystem likely has the highest biodiversity?

An additional, specific focus of this review is to gather evidence for the feasibility of implementation of NbS and their potential in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan, which is an exemplary dryland ecosystem. That includes 29 percent of all amphibians, 21 percent of all mammals, and 12 percent of all birds. Note: Green areas reflect federal, state and local biodiversity protections. The fields, forests, andwetlands where wild plants and animals live are disappearing. World of Biology. The Biden administration has set a goal to conserve and restore 30 percent of U.S. lands and waters by 2030. It exists in only two locations, one in southern Texas and the other in northern Mexico. Afforestation using native salt- and drought-tolerant species is another alternative to restore degraded desert landscapes, which has direct applicability to the dried-out Aral Seabed (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), (Toderich, et al., 2013b), (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). UNEP-WCMC (2022a) Protected Area Profile for Lower Amudarya Biosphere Reserve from the World Database of Protected Areas. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01822-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01822-z. Content analysis suggests that the NbS approach has been poorly documented in dryland ecosystems. Tech. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15498, Article It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the speciesin one region or ecosystem. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of wetlands restoration in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan. A single coral reef can shelter 3,000 species of fish and other sea creatures such as clams and sea stars. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Since brine shrimp in the wetlands of the Aral Sea basin attract birds to feed, including flamingo (Aladin, et al., 2018), (Qi, et al., 2021), and the fact that artemia cultivation and harvesting provides local livelihood opportunities, suggest that it could provide a basis for some form of nature-based solution. All these have led to increased levels of soil and water salinity, as well as to the reduction of the water table of desert pastures in the Aral Sea basin (Toderich, et al., 2013b). Besides performing ecological functions, local wetlands are vital sources of income for the population by supporting fishing, hunting, livestock husbandry through the provision of forage (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), (Schlter, et al., 2013). (2022, April 20). The system is dynamic and thus offers a wide range of species. Cattle then produce manure that returns nutrients to the soil, which helps to grow more grass. Theroot systemof plants helps prevent flooding. Scientists estimate that species are dying out at hundreds of times the natural rate.A major reason for the loss of biodiversity is that natural habitats are being destroyed. Its sometimes assumed that wildlife in national forests is automatically protected. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan. Researchers have estimated that there are between 3 and 30 million species on Earth, with a few studies predicting that there may be more than 100 million species on Earth. Greater biodiversity in ecosystems, species, and individuals leads to greater stability. Nature-based solutions, as a recently emerged approach for sustainably mitigating and adapting to environmental challenges, have gained considerable attention in the scientific literature recently. States of the Union: Ranking America's Biodiversity. Land Degrad Dev 27:18311839. Global Biodiversity - National Geographic Society Also, topsoil quality was reported to have improved in saxaul plantations, which bonds sand particles together with the help of debris (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020). D Z Which statements describe the relationship between the area and the biodiversity of an ecosystem? But human activity has changed the natural processes of extinction and evolution. Nearly half of the Asian continent is covered by drylands, which contributes to an estimated 34% of the worlds drylands. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.996283, Djoudi H, Brockhaus M, Locatelli B (2013) Once there was a lake: Vulnerability to environmental changes in northern Mali. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. #9: India https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15310, Cohen-Shacham E, Andrade A, Dalton J, Dudley N, Jones M, Kumar C, Walters G (2019) Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions. Promoting more-inclusive outdoor experiences for all. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. There is scant evidence of research and development activities happening before or after afforestation in the Aralkum desert in the literature, beyond the publications cited above. The study area, the Uzbek part of the Aral Sea region, is characterised as a dryland by the UNCCD (UNCCD, 2017), and, specifically, a dry sub-humid area. Large-scale afforestation as NbS in the dried-out Aral Sea basin presents opportunities for further research in lieu of absence of documented evidence on the environment, both positive (e.g., the extent of sand transfer reduction) and negative (e.g., impact on groundwater resources). One of the most popular and safe pain relievers,aspirin, was originally made from the bark of willow trees. Wang B, Yan H, Xue Z, Batunacun Liu G (2022) Nature-Based Solutions Benefit the EconomicEcological Coordination of Pastoral Areas: An Outstanding Herdsmans Experience in Xilin Gol, China. Because brown tree snakes have no predators on Guam, they quickly multiplied. January 1, 2002. We highlight which NbS show the most promise in the Aral Sea region and conclude with a discussion of existing gaps in the literature on NbS in drylands, and opportunities for further research. (2019) suggest that rewilding, due to its purported environmental and societal benefits, shares similarities with nature-based solutions. Across the continental United States, private land makes up almost 70 percent of areas with important concentrations of unprotected imperiled species, the researchers found. The desiccation and subsequent almost complete loss of the Aral Sea, once the worlds fourth largest inland water body (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), having had far-reaching social, economic and ecological implications in all countries of Central Asia aggravated the situation even more. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan. A. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2329, FAO (2019) Trees, Forests and Land Use in Drylands: the First Global Assessment Full report. The top 10 most biodiverse countries - Mongabay Environmental News To reach its commitments to increase the percentage of protected areas with respect to the total territory, the government of Uzbekistan almost tripled the area of PAs in Karakalpakstan in 20212022 alone. Without a diversity of pollinators, plants, and soils, our supermarkets would have a lot less produce. Examples of species include blue whales, white-tailed deer, white pine trees, sunflowers, and microscopic bacteria that can't even be seen by the naked eye. The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests, alpine mountains, and dry deserts. Sci Total Environ 784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147058, Lamers JP, Bobojonov I, Khamzina A, Franz JS (2008) Financial analysis of small-scale forests in the amu darya lowlands of rural uzbekistan. First Aral sea basin program (ASBP-1). Wetlands in the Aral Sea basin were reported to have been impacted by anthropogenic activities that led to the degradation of vegetation in the riparian zone (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Kasprzykowski, Goawski, Mitrus, & Staski, 2014). Lack of monitoring is another issue determining the success of afforestation in the Aral Sea region. And NbS is a sustainable approach with minimal negative impacts on the society or the environment (Dubey, Singh, Chaurasia, Pandey, & Singh, 2021). The first ecosystem has only three species of trees, and the second ecosystem has over 30 species of trees. Also, plantations of non-native monocultures were reported to be of low value for the revival of the local biodiversity (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), and demonstrated increased chances of susceptibility to diseases and pests (Seddon, et al., 2020). Animals and plants are the most familiar types of endangered species, but afungus, such as thewhite ferula mushroom(Pleurotus nebrodensis) can also be threatened. Biodiversity is not distributed equally over the globe; several factors combine to create so-called hotspots . Remote Sens Environ 266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112695, Ragab R, Prudhomme C (2002) Climate change and water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions: Prospective and challenges for the 21st century. Many species have gone extinct. Even when species are protected under federal or state laws, they are typically more vulnerable outside of lands that are managed to protect biodiversity, Dr. Hamilton said. Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Scientists and communities are making a special effort to preserve biodiversity in these regions.Biodiversity can also refer to the variety ofecosystemscommunities of living things and their environments. Nature-based AND solutions AND terrestrial, Nature-based solutions AND protected area, Nature-based AND solutions AND Central Asia. (Human beings have about 25,000 genes, while rice has more than 56,000.) Today species are going extinct at an accelerated and dangerous rate because of non-natural environmental changes caused by human activities. As the number of ecological issues associated with biodiversity loss, climate change, food security is expected to grow in the coming decades, protected areas are seen as an effective adaptation and mitigation tool (MacKinnon, Dudley, & Sandwith, 2011). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Biodiversity includesplants,animals, fungi, and other living things. I got confused and almost gave you a 1 star opp good thing I did not. rep., Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme of the Secretariat and the Global Mechanism of the UNCCD. Biodiversity is the richness of life in all of its forms, from genes to ecosystems. (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), there is an ongoing drastic shrinkage of water bodies in Karakalpakstan leading to the loss of invaluable ecosystem services they provide. Biodiversity | National Wildlife Federation The hard work of humansand natures resiliencecan help even the most endangered species climb back from the abyss. The language used for the non-systematic literature review was English only (as the Russian language does not distinguish and define NbS specifically). The forests of Maine differ from the forests of Colorado by the types of species found in both ecosystems, as well as the temperature and rainfall. To distinguish NbS from other conservation actions, IUCN specifies seven societal challenges, at least one of which needs to be addressed. We go on to specifically consider the possibility of applying selected NbS approaches in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan, as a case study of a dryland ecosystem illustrating major environmental and social challenges. Glob Change Biol. The government of Uzbekistan has officially stated that it will now be impossible to restore the Aral Sea to its former (pre-1960) state, and has instead committed to mitigate the consequences of this ecological disaster on human wellbeing, environment and the local economy. Currently we have identified only 1.7 million species, so we have a long way to go before we can come close to figuring out exactly how many species are on Earth. Construction, agriculture, and food and beverages are the largest highly nature-dependent industries, with an economic value roughly twice the size of Germany's economy; China, the EU and the US have the highest absolute economic value in nature-dependent industries B) A large area of a forest will likely have higher biodiversity than a smaller area of the same forest. R Soc Open Sci 8. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201847, Aladin NV, Chida T, Chuikov YS, Ermakhanov ZK, Kawabata Y, Kubota J, Zaitzev VF (2018) The history and future of the biological resources of the Caspian and the Aral Seas. The results from both publication databases were downloaded in a BibTex format, sorted into eighteen subject-specific databases corresponding to keywords used in JabRef reference manager software, then merged to cross-check for duplicates, and further content analysis was carried out. People are also working to limit pollution and restore coral reef ecosystems in the area. 1 for the world map of drylands). An exosystem is the system of ecological interaction of different environments and can be on land and in water. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1KM.en, Marden B, Van Stappen G, Musaev A, Mirabdullayev I, Joldasova I, Sorgeloos P (2012) Assessment of the production potential of an emerging Artemia population in the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Geneva. Discover Life in America: All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory Database. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.015, Bakirov NJ, Khamzaev AK, Novitskiy, ZB (2020) FOREST PLANTATIONS ON THE DRAINED BOTTOM OF THE ARAL SEA. Later, the IUCN and the European Commission reframed NbS with the IUCNs definition being most cited (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), and formally acknowledged recently by the UN during the fifth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly by adopting a Resolution on nature-based solutions for supporting sustainable development (UNEP, 2022). Alongside multiple obvious benefits of NbS, the literature states also a number of challenges associated with their understanding, implementation, effectiveness, stakeholder participation (Nelson, Bledsoe, Ferreira, & Nibbelink, 2020), lack of standards for their evaluation (Kumar, et al., 2021), (Fernandes & Guiomar, 2018). Monitoring of afforested lands and soil quality monitoring could have substantially improved survival rates of saxaul and other shrubby plantations in the Aralkum. You cannot download interactives. The most prominent native species in terms of the ability to grow in sandy, loamy and saline soils are reported to be Saxaul (Haloxylon), Salsola Richteri (Moq) Karel ex Litv and Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), Krascheninnikovia eversmanniana and Artemisia ferganensis (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Alikhanova, S., Bull, J.W. Sci Total Environ 599-600:967980. (2023)Cite this article. For Sci Technol 16:2631. Cambridge University Press. With a closer look, we can see invertebrates and worms under leaves, on grasses and in the pond water. (2022b, April 17). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability | Learn Science at Scitable - Nature https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012, Kasprzykowski Z, Goawski A, Mitrus C, Staski T (2014) A comparison of the structure of 2 waterbird assemblages during postbreeding movements in the arid zone of Uzbekistan. Think youre done? The research, published in the journal Ecological Applications, and the related maps were a partnership between NatureServe and its network of state partners, the geographic mapping platform Esri, and the Nature Conservancy. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N21/115/89/pdf/N2111589.pdf? There are millions more species yet to be discovered and named. It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. These threats have caused an unprecedented rise in the rate of species extinction. The Southeastern United States has a high concentration of freshwater mussels, those humble mollusks that help keep streams and rivers clean by filtering water. Review of Nature-based Solutions in Dryland Ecosystems: the - Springer To identify concentrations of imperiled biodiversity, the scientists created models for more than 2,200 species based on where they are known to exist and their habitat needs.

Esencia De Garrapata Para Que Sirve, Stonesthrow Cottage Mackinac Island, Articles W