(2016). Animals often suffer greatly in these studies, as they are inflicted with diseases, traumas, and pain they would not normally experience in order to mimic human conditions. M Rodents may not be relevant models, because their physiology and response to infection are not sufficiently close to those of humans. . This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. 2011). These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. As pointed out in the article, several different animal models have been used, and model development remains a very active area of preclinical research. Typically, they rely on animal models, research subjects that mimic a specific malady. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. [43], On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. 2017). In contrast to mice, NHPs demonstrate all of the features of infection of humans by Mtb, particularly the formation of granulomas that have very similar physiology to those in human infection and immune responses that parallel those of humans. In 2016, a white paper published by the National Association for Biomedical Research briefly discussed scientific breakthroughs that required the use of NHPs (National Association for Biomedical Research 2016). China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). [30], Launched in 2004, NEAVS' national campaign, Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories, aims to end all biomedical research using chimpanzees in the U.S. and retire them to sanctuaries. Defining translational research: Implications for training, Prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset, Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission, SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks), Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells, IACUC review of nonhuman primate research, Tackling HIV and AIDS: Contributions by non-human primate Models, Introduction: Global laws, regulations, and standards for animals in research, NMP models for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS, Biopharma CRO industry in China: Landscape and opportunities, The population genomics of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on whole-genome sequences. Lanford However, although clinical studies remain a central focus of human medical research, and the use of alternatives is increasing, there is still an over-reliance on the use of animals in research. Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. S Can new tools and technology improve translational power? Arrowsmith Amory died unexpectedly later that same year. Peter Havel and colleagues review the use of NHP preclinical models for metabolic conditions, concentrating on obesity and metabolic syndrome. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. . Parallel and coordinated use of whole animals with development of alternative technologies provides an opportunity to validate or abandon alternatives and to enlarge the suite of tools that can be applied to a given translational problem. endobj [8], The philosophy of NEAVS emphasizes that the use of animals in research, testing, and education is unscientific, as shown in numerous studies; is unnecessary due to the availability of and continuing development of alternatives that yield results superior to animal use; and that the humane and ethical arguments against the suffering and death of millions of animals in labs each year has never been stronger given how modern science shows animal use has limitations, dangers, and is little or no benefit to human health. Research The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. Kilkenny 2014, reviewed in Harding 2017). Research , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). , Callaway EM, Churchland P, Caddick SJ, Feng G, Homanics GE, Lee K-F, Leopold DA, Miller CT, Mitchell JF, Mitalipov S, Moutri AR, Movshon JA, Okano H, Reynolds, JH, Ringach D, Sejnowski TJ, Silva AC, Strick PL, Wu J, Zhang F. Bimber In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. Problems related to transportation can therefore be troublesome for researchers. Animals provided by CROs are often used by pharmaceutical companies for toxicology testing and for some preclinical research. This article discusses the development of preclinical NHP models, tests of potential therapies, and methods for neuroprotection. 2016), microcephaly (Ke et al. Boston, MA (PRWEB) September 05, 2013 -- The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Boston, and its affiliate, the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), New York, continue their legacy of supporting scientists committed to non-animal research with the launch of their 2014-15 Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Federal legislation introduced in 2015 gained momentum toward ending The rhesus macaque, which is the species most frequently used by academic investigators in the United States, can be obtained from the NPRCs, CROs, and other US centers, with reasonable waiting times. These common disorders of the female reproductive system include polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, placental dysfunction, and preterm labor, among others. In summary, more detailed reporting of the characteristics of NHPs used in experiments can improve reproducibility and can lead to new avenues of investigation. I dedicate this paper to the memory of Dr. Andrew Lackner: scientist, mentor, and great champion of translational research using NHPs. . McGinley [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". The development of breeding and technology centers in China and Japan is a more recent phenomenon that is impacting translational research (Cyranoski 2014, 2016). In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. Monroe, A.L. Animal research is generally recognized to be costly, time-consuming, and unreliable, and much of this research is neither appropriate nor applicable to humans. BE Welcome to the Neeves Lab at University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus. These prevalent diseases include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and defects in vision, among others. Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer among women in the United States, with an estimated 20,000 Kanthaswamy The sudden emergence of a pathogen such as Zika or Ebola virus can cause problems related to supply and demand, since rapid response to these infections often requires use of specific types of animals in excess of plans in place at the time. Fogelson, K.B. ARLO aims to 2016). Neeves, D.M. Neeves, D.W.M. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. 2017). A particularly timely example is development of a highly efficacious vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are the closest animal models to humans regarding genetics, physiology and behavior. K All Rights Reserved. In brief, the whole genome sequence or the exomic sequence (expressed genes) of an NHP can be used for the following (for a more detailed discussion, see Harding 2013, 2017 and references therein; Bimber et al. Due to logistical issues and member relocation the chapter went inactive in 2005 until Steve Knight, Nicole Ball, Sue Maguire and Jack Siegel re-activated the NNEVS in 2009. Rise for Animals They discuss a number of studies in which the physiological features related to endocrine and metabolic studies in nonobese animals have been translated from original findings in rodents to the more relevant NHP model. and vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops), are the most common animals in these colonies. An extreme example of this exclusivity is the essential use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), relative even to macaques or other monkeys, for the development of vaccines against infection by Hepatitis A and B viruses and of therapeutics to cure Hepatitis C disease (Lanford et al. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees Captive and Wild as Endangered", "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary", "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps", "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research", "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)", "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment", "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting", "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes 'chimpanzees [are] not necessary', Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Labs, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, List of international animal welfare conventions, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society&oldid=1146938653, Animal welfare organizations based in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 21:39. Dudley Olsson Scientists Burch and Russell created the 3Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement to further anti-vivisection. F endobj This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. 2014; other examples reviewed by Hewitt et al. A feature of NHP research is that the demand for some species waxes and wanes over time, for example for baboons and marmosets. Campaigns: program work that aims to increase public awareness of and support to end the use of Animals in research or to change societal or institutional practices regarding general or specific Anti-Vivisection issues.education: program work that aims to educate and support students at all levels of public or private education and professional training regarding the use of alternatives to classroom animal use or to change educational institutional practices regarding the harmful use of Animals in education.grants/awards: program work that supports collaboration with like minded individuals and organizations. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior. L THE BIOETHICS OF GREAT APE WELL-BEING Begley The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal discuss many of these challenges and opportunities, some of which are noted briefly, below. Please support our vital campaigns and outreach programs. [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. . [30][44][45], The Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC) is NEAVS' educational affiliate. The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. (2) To conduct high impact research that improves the lives of people with blood disorders. [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations. Chimpanzees are the only animal model that can be used to test strategies for prevention or amelioration of Hepatis B and C and are the most useful model for Hepatitis A. Dr. Capaldos verbal testimony: Committee on Chimpanzees in I will confine this discussion to the United States, although similar considerations also obtain in Europe. 2015), and animals with genetically encoded calcium indicators that can be used for imaging neural activity in vivo (Park et al. These necessary components of NHP-based research usually require housing animals in large centers, each of which can harbor more than 1000 (often 40005000 or more) animals because of the expense and complexity of husbandry. For examples, New England Anti-Vivisection Society states on its website that it is dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education. These societies are well funded and skilled at communicating to the public. , Raveendran M, Harris RA, Fawcett GL, Liu X, White S, Dahdouli M, Rio Deiros D, Below JE, Salerno W, Cos L, Fan G, Ferguson B, Horvath J, Johnson Z, Kanthaswamy S, Kubisch HM, Liu D, Platt M, Smith DG, Sun B, Vallender EJ, Wang F, Wiseman RW, Chen R, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Yu F, Rogers J. Zubari , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park IA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. AS The authors also point out that NHPs are well positioned as models to understand the effects of new drugs of abuse as they are introduced into societies. The relatively large size of NHPs can also be important for sample collection, application of diagnostic assays, and imaging (see e.g., Havel et al. WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). Marr, K.B. , Brown LL, Murphy SJ, Grieder F, Silberberg SD. This is, however, a highly nuanced issue. The Secure Remote Viewer (SRV) Z One response by some researchers and funding agencies aimed at increasing the reproducibility and decreasing the cost of translational studies has been to develop alternatives to the use of whole animals, such as cell lines, artificial tissue arrays (tissues on a chip), in silico modeling, and micro-dosing of pharmaceuticals in human patients and volunteer controls. DM These experiments cause even greater suffering, high death rates, and other negative health consequences for the millions of animals used. "[1], The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) was founded in 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, in response to the migration of European vivisection practices to the United States. The well-established difference in the response of Indian- versus Chinese-origin rhesus macaques to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus is a graphic example of this phenomenon (Harding 2017 and references therein; Van Rompay 2017). KA The US National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research in the United Kingdom have provided guidance to journal editors, authors, and reviewers regarding information that should be included in publications relating to experimental animals (National Research Council 2011; Kilkenny et al. , Olivier M, Spradling-Reeves K, Karere G, Comuzzie A, VandeBerg J. Cyranoski DG D WebThe National Gene Vector Biorepository. "Yes, Dad, There Are Alternatives." Y Projects Spring 2005. Takibana We are affiliated with theDepartment of Bioengineering,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, and theHemophilia and Thrombosis Center. Mustari Local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees must approve any procedure at a given institution utilizing laboratory animals, including NHPs (Tardif et al. 2017). animal ethics and scientific research (2015), Phillips et al. MA Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. Laura Cox and colleagues provide a detailed review of the use of NHPs to study several aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD). John Capitanio describes research that identifies individual rhesus macaques housed at the California NPRC that can be used as models for loneliness, behavioral inhibition, and social functioning, among others. These advantages relate, in part, to the anatomy and physiology of NHPs, which allow the same types of investigations as are performed using human subjects and to the ability to pair longitudinal drug self-administration studies with noninvasive imaging studies. 4 0 obj Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. Biomedical International HapMap Consortium 2016). Identified 4 new grant, including a grant for, American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED), Supporters of Agricultural Research Foundation, The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Private Foundation Excise Taxes on Undistributed Income, Gifts from Private Foundations to Donor Advised Funds, Interim Executive Director / Director of Development, Director of Government Relations and Policy, Net gain from sale of non-inventory assets. An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Find your B2B customer within minutes using affordable, accurate contact data from Datanyze. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. , Li W, Lai X, Chen H, Huang O, Kang XZ, Li K, Ren J, Lin X, Zheng H, Huang W, Ma Y, Xu D, Chen Z, Song X, Lin X, Zhuang M, Wang T, Zhuang F, Xi J, Mao FF, Xia H, Lahn BT, Zhou Q, Yang S, Xiang AP. . Domestic breeding colonies of animals, originally of Asian origin, such as rhesus (Macaca mulata), pigtail (Macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, and NHPs of African origin, baboons (Papio sp.) The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical In the United States, primary roles for regulating NHP husbandry, breeding, and use is performed by the US Department of Agriculture and the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and These authors also comment on emerging areas in the field of female reproduction, including infection with Zika virus and the potential use of transgenic technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to create new disease models relevant to translational research related to womens reproductive health. Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. Q The literature cites many instances where NHPs have not been used and in which investigators have relied only on information from other models, particularly rodents. They summarize data for disorders associated with ovarian and uterine function and deleterious conditions associated with pregnancy. NEAVS Taylor Foreman and colleagues discuss the use of NHPs as preclinical models for development of vaccines that protect against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and for therapies that can ameliorate tuberculosis. The short generation times of mice and their fecundity contribute to the success of these technologies. , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks) However, there are always difficulties in quickly securing additional support from funding agencies to increase breeding of any given species, since most funding is already committed to support existing breeding colonies and on-going investigations. The Author(s) 2017. Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. For nearly 20 years, Coulston conducts invasive experiments on chimpanzees. These studies include the effects of long-term energy restriction in aging NHPs. WebThe Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in Biomedical and Agricultural Research by Karen Davis, PhD, President of United Poultry Concerns, was graciously funded by the 2016): (1) characterization of gene content and organization of the experimental animal species in comparison to humans, to understand the potential use of an animal model to study a specific human disease or genetic condition; (2) analysis of genetic variation in individual animals to identify potential mutant NHPs that can be developed as models of specific human diseases; (3) development of genome arrays that can be used for mapping studies that identify potential disease genes, or more generally, for identifying Quantitative Trait Loci, genomic regions that contain disease genes (Cox 2013); (4) development of arrays or other assays that can be used to stratify the population of animals to be used as experimental subjects to enhance the accuracy of preclinical studies and to reduce animal numbers needed for translational studies.
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