Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Hawthorn Dianne A. Hyson, A Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their Relationship to Human Health, Advances in Nutrition, Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2011, Pages 408420, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000513. Lichtenthaler et al. The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. 2.1 Chemical Composition of Apple and Apple Waste. Increasingly, research has moved toward studying compounds in individual foods to gain a greater understanding of their specific role(s) and the mechanisms involved in the prevention and reduction of disease in humans. Dietary fat, including high PUFA intake, is associated with increased lipid peroxidation resulting in DNA damage (40). Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). The apple peel extract was among the fruits that showed a significant dose-response reduction in cell proliferation in the HT29 but not the MCF-7 cells, the latter cell type being generally less responsive to extract exposure. 1 (4). Favorable effects on antioxidant enzymes in liver including SOD, GSHPx, and general markers of oxidation (hepatic TBARS) were significantly reduced by 4752%. A 2016 analysis from the PDP found that 80% of 531 apple samples contained residues of this chemical at 0.002-3.8 ppm, which is below the EPA's tolerance level of 10 ppm. Colorectal or colon cancer, the 4th most common cancer and the 3rd most common cause of death in Western society (16), has been the focus of many investigations. A self-administered FFQ was used to assess maternal diet at 32 wk of gestation. In another study, the same investigators used 2 breast cancer cell lines, including the MCF-7 cells as an estrogen-responsive model and MDA-MB-231 as an estrogen-negative model (30). Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. Are All These Chemicals Found in a Banana? | Snopes.com Although the SCFA were not correlated with inhibition of growth in this study, it is known that SCFA can stimulate pathways of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. The most effective compounds on all antioxidative parameters included quercetin and phloretin. Liu et al. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. Peri L, Pietraforte D, Scorza G, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Minetti M. Supported in part by the United States Apple Association and the Apple Products Research and Education Council. In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). Chemical Resistance of Plastics - Curbell Plastics Iodine solution, alcohol solution. It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. The upregulation of these enzymes suggests that regular apple consumption might promote a favorable milieu to reduce oxidation. An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. One study published by a different group in 2006 did not find an association between fruit intake (reported in a semiquantitative FFQ) and several endpoints related to diagnosed asthma in Dutch children (57). (65) propose that the content of S-adenosyl methionine in apple juice concentrate might account in part for these effects, because comparable effects were observed with S-adenosyl methionine alone. Additional work from this laboratory using mice with genetically induced oxidative stress (an ApoE-deficient strain) showed that 1 mo of apple juice concentrate intake reduced the accumulation of ROS in brain tissue and attenuated cognitive impairment (60, 61). Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). freshly squeezed orange juice. These studies are among the few that highlight the importance of metabolized AP and emphasize the need to determine the biological activity of metabolites of phytochemicals in vivo. The data are presented in the context of colon cancer, followed by breast cancer and general studies. There are several thousand phytochemicals present in whole foods and there is still limited characterization of the bioavailability and metabolism of these compounds in AP. The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. Although apples and citrus were collectively associated with reduced risk of diagnosed asthma, adjustment for citrus eliminated the significance of the effect of apples. There was a concurrent and dose-dependent increase in expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein and downward expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein. Total daily intake (g/d) of hard fruits (apples and pears) was included in the analysis with a median follow-up time of 6.4 y. It was found that apple juice from concentrate was significantly and dose-dependently associated with reduced wheeze (juice ranging from 1 serving/mo to 1 serving/d) but not with reduced presence of asthma. The findings of these investigators and many others suggest that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in terms of a protective effect of AP on cancer. Research in animals allows for detailed analyses of the effect of AP on lipid parameters beyond simply measuring lipid levels in plasma. It has been shown that the estrogen decline associated with menopause is linked to increased production of inflammatory mediators within the bone microenvironment. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Data were based on FFQ (including interviews) of dietary intake in the 2 y prior to diagnosis. Parents/caregivers reported apple and apple juice intake and health data of over 2600 children aged 511 y. There are ongoing attempts to elucidate other bioactive compounds, beyond flavonoids, that might account for the observed effects of AP on cancer risk. Studies are presented below, grouped by disease states and/or disease processes when applicable. The authors of this study also searched for an association between total flavonol and flavone intake and a limited number of subtypes of these flavonoids (5 total) and reduced risk. The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript. Apples are generally thought of as being a good source of fiber. Its chemical formula is C 10 H 10 O 4. Only 12.7% of the ingested compounds in cloudy apple juice reached the end of the intestine in unmetabolized form, whereas 22.3% were recovered as metabolites. AP consumption was also linked to beneficial effects on pulmonary function in healthy participants and those with diagnosed pulmonary disorders (1). A few studies have evaluated the potential of AP to prevent or reduce injury to gastric mucosa by drugs (75). Composition of apple wastes used as raw materials; comparison of the elemental composition of the materials from the as-received apple waste and from the residue kept in air for 8 days; TGA and DTA curves for the pyrolysis of apple pomace under N 2 at 20 C min -1 . Furthermore, AP are available on a year-round basis and the per capita utilization of apples and AP in the United States has been on the rise over the past several years (10). One widely studied mechanism related to cancer is oxidation. It was found that high concentrations of the extract (2002000 nmol/L) for longer incubation periods with TNF (36 h) resulted in reduced NF-B activity, likely mediated via inhibited phosphorylation of IB. It is estimated that 1.5 million people will suffer an osteoporotic-related fracture each year. Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. Ogino et al. One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. The fermentation products of the apple juice extract in combination with pectin included acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the latter of which was most significantly correlated with histone deacylation inhibition. Fresh apples contain about 15% total carbohydrate. (11) in Germany used apple extracts fermented in vitro with human fecal flora to examine effects of the fermentation products on cultured HT29 and LT97 cells (the latter, a colon adenoma cell line representing early premalignant tumor development). Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). Hyson, no conflicts of interest. Blood sampled at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h postconsumption was assayed for FRAP and plasma ascorbate and urate levels. If it's edible then it's chemicals. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive Individual phytochemicals, including rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid, were all effective, with some reconstituted mixtures being more effective than the original, in terms of antioxidant capacity and reducing DNA damage (43). The women were randomized to 1 of 3 diet groups for 10 wk including a daily intake of 300 g of apple (~1.5 large size), daily intake of a similar quantity of pear, or 60 g of oat cookies. The nature of the link between diet and disease is complex. In general, AP are among the top 3 or 4 dietary sources of total phenolics consumed in America and worldwide (79). It has been proposed that assessment of total oxidant scavenging activity might overcome the inconsistencies observed in other assays. The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. In vitro studies from the above laboratory examined the potential mechanisms by which AP may cause reduction in mammary tumors (29). The data were based on dietary assessment questionnaires from a prospective cohort of 478,590 male and female participants in 23 centers from 10 European countries. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun M, Barth SW, Fahndrich C, Bub A, Dietrich H, Watzl B, Will F, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G, Barth SW, Faehndrich C, Bub A, Watzl B, Will F, Dietrich H, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K, Goss F, Guyot S, Roussi S, Lobstein A, Fischer B, Seiler N, Raul F, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Dietrich H, Will F, Janzowski C, Olsson ME, Gustavsson K-E, Andersson S, Nilsson A, Duan R-D, Goss F, Roussi S, Guyot S, Schoenfelder A, Mann A, Bergerat J, Seiler N, Raul F, Kern M, Pahlke G, Balavenkatraman KK, Bohmer FD, Marko D, Veeriah S, Kautenburger T, Habermann N, Sauer J, Dietrich H, Will F, Pool-Zobel BL, Kahle K, Kraus M, Scheppach W, Richling E, Waldecker M, Kautenburger T, Daumann H, Veeriah S, Will F, Dietrich H, Pool-Zobel BL, Schrenk D, Liu J-R, Dong H-W, Chen B-Q, Zhao P, Liu R, Davis PA, Polagruto JA, Valacchi G, Phung A, Soucek K, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J, Avci A, Atli T, Eruder I, Varli M, Devrim E, Turgay S, Durak I, Ko S-H, Choi S-W, Ye S-K, Cho B-L, Kim H-S, Chung M-H, Maffei F, Tarozzi A, Carbone F, Marchesi A, Hrelia S, Angeloni C, Forti G, Hreliaa P, Cefarelli G, D'Abrosca B, Fiorentino A, Izzo A, Mastellone C, Pacifico S, Piscopo V, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C, Dcord K, Teissdre P, Auger C, Cristol J-P, Rouanet J-M, Ogino Y, Osada K, Nakamura S, Ohta Y, Kanda T, Sugano M, Vidal R, Hernandez-Vallejo S, Pauquai T, Texier O, Rousset M, Chambaz J, Demignot S, Lacorte J-M, Romieu I, Varraso R, Avenel V, Leynaert B, Kauffmann F, Clavel-Chapelon F, Garcia V, Arts ICW, Sterne JAC, Thompson RL, Shaheen SO, Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Thomson RL, Songhurt CE, Margetts BM, Burney PGJ, Okoko BJ, Burney PG, Newson RB, Potts JF, Shaheen SO, Willers SM, Devereux G, Craig L, McNeill G, Wijga A, Abou El-Magd W, Turner S, Helms P, Seaton A, Tabak C, Wijga A, deMeer G, Janssen N, Brunekreef B, Smit H, Patel BD, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Luben R, Day N, Khaw K-T, Lomas D, Wareham N, Tchantchou F, Chan A, Kifle L, Ortiz D, Shea T, Rogers EJ, Mihalik S, Ortiz D, Shea T, Viggiano A, Monda M, Turco I, Incarnato L, Vinno V, Viggiano E, Baccari M, De Luca B, Song Y, Manson J, Buring J, Sesson H, Lin S, Marks SC, Mullen W, Borges G, Crozier A, Conceio de Oliveira M, Sichieri R, Moura A, Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O'Connell MA, Muniz G, Laskey MA, Yan L, Prentice A, Ginty F, Puel C, Quintin A, Mathey J, Obled C, Davicco M, Lebecque P, Kati-Coulibaly S, Horcajada M, Coxam V, Graziani G, D'Argenio G, Tuccillo C, Loguercio C, Ritieni A, Morisco F, Del Vecchio B, Fogliano V, Romano M. Molnr P, Kawase M, Satoh K, Sohara Y, Tanaka T, Tani S, Sakagami H, Nakashima H, Motohashi N, Gymnt N, et al. Mechanistically, it is feasible that catechins or other polyphenolic components in AP may be inversely related to the risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly by preserving pancreatic -cell function via reduced oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. The chemical composition of apples and cider. I. The composition of Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? Pigs were fed a prooxidant diet, high in PUFA (linseed oil) with or without concurrent fresh apples for 22 d and then tested for several markers of oxidative damage. Although data relating AP intake to reduced risk of asthma are provocative, there are some inconsistent reports. These compounds are small, with molecular weights less than 300 Daltons, and are readily dispersed in the air due to their high vapor pressure. These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. The calculated intake of phenols was comparable to dietary intake in humans (930 mg in apple group; 1100 mg in apple juice group). However, the study had several limitations including a high attrition rate (29%) resulting in unequal sample sizes between groups (50% fewer in the oat cookie than either the apple or pear group) and a slight but significant difference in age between study groups (41.6 vs. 46.2 y in apple vs. cookie, respectively). A comparison of the lowest quintile of intake (average 43 g/d) compared to the highest 2 quintiles (93.5 and 164.9 g/d, respectively) showed a significant inverse association between combined apple and pear intake and lung cancer in all participants and current smokers. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. Metals, sugars, organic . A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). Poultry Consumption and Human Health: How Much Is Really Known? However, the authors suggest that more work remains to fully understand the effects of hydrolysis on antioxidant capacity in AP. It was found that cell proliferation was reduced in cells exposed to apple extracts in a dose-dependent manner with a median EC50 of 65.1 g/L. Example 3.4. Women in the highest quartile of apple intake compared to the lowest quartile had a significantly lower incidence of asthma. Preliminary observations show the potential of a link between AP intake and possible risk reduction for osteoporosis and diabetes, but the work on potential mechanisms needs to be expanded. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. In men, the risk reduction was 19% in the group consuming >54 g compared to no apple intake (34). Oxidative stress, known to play a role in the pathogenesis of most diseases, has been the focus of many new studies to determine the effectiveness of AP in an antioxidant capacity. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 0.5%. Thus, it is important to consider the effects of potential breakdown products in the gut in addition to metabolites in the blood (12). Several recent intervention studies have examined the effect of fresh apple consumption on oxidative markers in humans. A great deal of work has focused on dietary polyphenols, particularly the most abundant subclasses, including flavonoids (60% of all polyphenols) and phenolic acids (30% of total polyphenols) (2). Search for other works by this author on: Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits, Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. Shea et al. The effects of AP on specific enzymes involved in colon carcinogenesis have been examined. As such, it would be inaccurate to conclusively state that apples alone induce weight loss on the basis of this study. The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. Hydrogen sulphide saturated. To measure the animal response to dietary . 31 List of Chemicals in an Apple - Main Ingredients Other reports have indicated that apple intake is associated with reduced risk of asthma and related symptoms. PDF Chemical Composition, Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity The rats were provided phloridzin, a flavonoid isolated from apple wood in this study but also present in apples, particularly the peel. Hamsters were provided with apples to approximate human intake of 600 g/d (~2.5 large apples) or 500 mL of juice/d. no attached saccharide residue) may be better taken up by cells and may have higher reactivity/antioxidant capacity. This led the investigators to feed a fructose solution to the study participants to mimic the content in 5 apples (64 g fructose). High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. Given the increasing incidence of these 2 conditions, further study of the effect of AP on osteoporosis and diabetes is important to consider. Fecal fermentation resulted in a degradation of 99.9% of the parent polyphenols except for complex structures. There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. Apples for direct consumption should be rich in biologically active compounds, such as ascorbic acid, and phenolic compounds, particularly flavanols, including catechins and proanthocyanidins. It was found that apple consumption increased antioxidant enzymes, including SOD and glutathione peroxidase, in erythrocytes and overall antioxidant potential in plasma. There has been an increasing appreciation and understanding of the link between dietary fruit and vegetable intake and improved health in humans. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It has been suggested that the aglycone form of flavonoids (i.e. Population-based case-control study, Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children, Diet and asthma in Dutch school children (ISAAC-2), Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults, Apple juice concentrate prevents oxidative damage and impaired maze performance in aged mice, Apple juice prevents oxidative stress and impaired cognitive performance caused by genetic and dietary deficiencies in mice, Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise, Supplementation with apple juice attenutates presenilin-1 overexpression during dietary and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Dietary supplementation with apple juice decreases endogenous amyloid-beta levels in murine brain, Folate deprivation increases presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity and A-beta levels in murine brain: potentiation by ApoE deficiency and alleviation by dietary S-adenosyl methionine, Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behaviorial modifications in aged rats, Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective and cross-sectional analysis, Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans, Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihyrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy, Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women, Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general, Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts, Effect of fruit on net acid and urinary calcium excretion in an acute feeding trial of women, Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions, Apple phenol extracts prevent damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo, Biological activity of carotenoids in red paprika, Valencia orange and Golden delicious apple. (55) examined the effect of AP on the presence of asthma diagnosis and symptoms (defined as wheeze) in children in the UK. It has also been proposed that dihydrochalcones, particularly phloretin-2-0-glucoside present in relatively high amounts in AP, inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the intestinal lumen, therefore potentially reducing postprandial glucose response (68, 69).
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