What Is Antimatter? This law states that two identical explosives produce similar blast waves but have different sizes, given the conditions, geometry, and scaled distances are identical. CAUTION You can maybe kill everyone with less antimatter if you settled for giving everyone cancer instead. Given that 1 ton is equal to 2240 pounds or 1016.046909 kg we should be able to scale up the explosive yield simply. Approximately 10 grams of antiprotons would be enough fuel to send a manned spacecraft to Mars in one month. Supposed you have successfully build a special tomahawk missile entirely composed of antimatter, this method of conversion of mass to energy greatly dwarfs any conventional nuclear reactions. And yet, there is very little antimatter in the universeso its been a known problem for many years. NASA have actually started planning to use antimatter spaceships to go to space. The gammas then scatter of air molecules, transferring the energy into heat. The team can create thousands of antihydrogen atoms in only a second but the trap barely catches any. It's not them. Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. The resulting temperatures would be "well beyond the upper limit for life and the surface of the Earth would have been baked free of living microbes." Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. Those made at CERN amount to about 1 nanogram. All of the antiprotons created at Fermilab's Tevatron particle accelerator add up to only 15 nanograms. The second is that CERN is interested infundamental research understanding things without knowing how this knowledge could be applied. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The antimatter bomb would by far be the most powerful thing humans ever created. Collisions between these photons would have resulted in the production of particlesparticles which would eventually become stars, galaxies, and people. 1 gram of antimatter explosion radius. How does that last equation (rolled back for the time being; see revision history) work out? And for my Trekkie friends out there, that also means fusion-poweredwarp driveslike those on Star Trek ships are unlikely to be a thing any time soon. They did it by creating a magnetic bottle called a Minimum Magnetic Field Trap. 1 kg of antimatter = 53 megaton yield, 4000 kg antimatter = 212 billion ton TNT, $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. Antimatter is actually produce by all sorts of things, for instance bananas produce antimatter. >$10^{15}kg$, it's not exactly rocket science. the algonquin club boston cookies that taste like mcdonaldland cookies 0 Comments 1 View 0 Likes. The blast radius is merely an indicative number, and it is still UNSAFE to be anywhere close to the blast radius in a real-world scenario. Squared it is 89,875,517,900,000,000 or about 9.010 16. Where can I find a clear diagram of the SPECK algorithm? "So we actually need infrastructure like at CERN, accelerators that will produce enough energy locally in a very small spot to produce pairs of an antiproton and a proton.". That's5 thousand trillion euros. But case 2 deserves a better answer after all anti-matter is not cheap and they are always out of stock at Home Depot. Now we need to know how this works in tons. ", "Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000, Fact Sheet 036-00", "USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Energy and Broadband Solution: OFF W COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA", Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields, Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons, "Energetic output of the 2022 Hunga TongaHunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption from pressure measurements", "The eruption of Krakatoa, August 27, 1883", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Global nuclear weapons: downsizing but modernizing", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Minimize Harm and Security Risks of Nuclear Energy", "Hurricane FAQ NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory", "Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was The Eruption? Still a big bang. Limitations of the TNT equivalent method), "Appendix B8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically", "Tons Of Tnt to Calories | Kyle's Converter", "Convert tons of TNT to joules | energy conversion", "Convert tons of TNT to BTU - British Thermal Unit | energy conversion", "Convert tons of TNT to foot pounds | energy conversion", "Tons Of Tnt to Kilowatt-hours | Kyle's Converter", "The Energy in Wildfires: The Western United States", "Local media: Blast at Cairo cathedral kills at least 25", "How do Thunderstorms and Lightning Work? StreamZones.com FineTunedUniverse.com GooToYou.com ICR.org (Article Credit), Big Bang Scientists: Universe Shouldn't Exist. "In the case of a chemical reaction, you're transforming only about a millionth of the mass of the object of the molecule into energy,"Professor Doser says. This calculator and the accompanying article will explain what explosion radius is and how to calculate blast radius. Simple? Check the revision history; if it's appropriate, feel free to roll back my roll back! Remove a chunk from a planet? So ever since I read a book (Angels and Demons by Dan Brown?) Why is this antimatter issue a big problem for the Big Bang? Would it be similarly anti-climactic? You can think of it as matter's evil twin. Frank Close, a particle physicist at the University of Oxford, points out the time problem, too. Many people have proposed that we disarm all nuclear weapons to make the world safer. How much antimatter would we need in order to wipe out all humans, eradicate all animals and blow up the Earth? The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive. The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a, The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a cross-sectional surface area of, 2022 Hunga TongaHunga Haapai volcanic eruption, total energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and combat, "Tons (Explosives) to Gigajoules Conversion Calculator", "Joules to Megatons Conversion Calculator", Blast effects of external explosions (Section 4.8. While I can't provide any numbers to back this up, I have a feeling the answers to Part 2 and Part 3 are going to be the same. Everyone knows biking is fantastic, but only this Car vs. Bike Calculator turns biking hours into trees! But whenever this happens when loads of energy gets concentrated and turned into the mass of matter antimatter isborn too. You might still miss a submarine or two, but without space launch capabilities, zero industrial capacity, and an all-male crew, you're set anyway. Which ability is most related to insanity: Wisdom, Charisma, Constitution, or Intelligence? All I've ever read is science fiction, and they seem to be wildly wildly different in how dangerous Antimatter actually is. Which means we shouldnt exist, physicists are still unsure as to why were around. The ablative engine, which slowly vaporizes itself to produce thrust, could go as high as 5,000 seconds. The positron has the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge, rather than negative. [3], As of 2004[update], the cost of producing one millionth of a gram of antimatter was estimated at US $60 billion. Which ability is most related to insanity: Wisdom, Charisma, Constitution, or Intelligence? The same process happens in the human body too, so we're all creating anti-electrons. Well, in theory if you mix one gram of matter with one gram of antimatter you should get 1.810 14 joules of energy or about 43 kilotons. [4], Alternative values for TNT equivalency can be calculated according to which property is being compared and when in the two detonation processes the values are measured. Similarly, you can estimate the blast radius for c4 explosives too. The TNT explosion radius becomes: In case of ranges where the public access is denied, the blast radius becomes: Energy from different sources It depends on the specific case or use. The positron has the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge, rather than negative. And if you're concerned that this work doesn't warrant fooling around with such a violently explosive anti-substance, Professor Doser says there's no need to worry. In John Barnes' excellent Thousand Cultures series, the ultimate nasty weapon is the teleportation of antimatter into the atmosphere as a very fine dust spread over a large volume. But antimatter is incredibly scarce, and scientists still dont know why. A kiloton of TNT can be visualized as a cube of TNT 8.46 metres (27.8ft) on a side. But the point is: antimatter is the opposite of matter. The basic principleis that so much energy is concentrated at a single point that it creates mass the mass of matter. The recipe they use at CERN's Antimatter Factory to achieve this feat is: 1. Such weapons would easy eclipse nuclear weapons in power, e.g., 1 gram of antimatter would equal 23 space shuttle fuel tanks of energy. Making 1 gram of antimatter would require approximately 25 million billion (10 15) kilowatt-hours of energy and cost over a million billion US dollars. An antimatter weapon is a weapon which would use antimatter as a power source, a propellant or an explosive. Antimatter is one of the costliest materials in the world. The main hurdles are the production and storage of large amounts of antimatter. As of now an antimatter bomb, large enough to cause any damage, wont be made because its just so expensive to make. As we learned in real estate, location, location, location. Taken shamelessly from my previous answer here. Now, if we were sloppy, we would just pepper the land area of $148,300,000 km^2$, so about 1,236 MIEVs (Multiple Independently Targetable Entry Vehicles) with 100 2kg warheads each would do. An explosive, upon detonation, releases a large amount of energy. However small scale antimatter weapons are much more affordable, as I mentioned earlier you can create a bullet with a 10 millionth of a gram of antimatter in it for only $600,000. The neutrinos will carry away a fraction of the energy but the rest will heat the vicinity into a fireball. "You need 2,000 times more energy to make [anti-protons]," he says. The sub-atomic particles of matter have the opposite properties of antimatter. Has the cause of a rocket failure ever been mis-identified, such that another launch failed due to the same problem? This worksheet uses the property of energy called the heat of combustion or heat of explosion and is expressed in units of kilocalories per gram. All the galaxies, the clusters of galaxies, the stars, the planets, us. The stand-off distance is: The Hopkinson-Cranz equation is useful for estimating safety distances for explosives. Big Bang scientists have been hoping to find some physics loopholesome tiny difference between matter and antimatterthat would allow more matter than antimatter to be produced shortly after the Big Bang, but so far they have been unsuccessful. But this result isnt bizarre at allits simply a confirmation of earlier, but less precise, measurements of the antiprotons magnetic moment. Are Neutrons and anti-Neutrons attracted to each other over distance? Such a wave can be catastrophic depending upon its intensity. 2 kg of $E=mc^2 = 1.79 \times 10^{17} J$. If antimatter makes contact with air it will cause an explosion. Also, once in atmosphere, any attempt to shoot down will only damage the containment system and detonate the antimatter. Hence why I'm thinking they may have tried to say "Nope, 3,000m of Antimatter would really only be an explosion this big" as opposed to "Something as big as your hand would utterly level half of Rome" which is significantly smaller than 3,000m. Michael Doser who works in the only factory making it describes thisreaction as "probably the most violent process you can think of because the full mass of the object disappears and transforms into energy". In order to store antimatter it has to be kept in a sealed container and held up with magnets so that it floats. Energy = You can crash 10km sized asteroids into it, and there'll still be some survivors to whine about the injustice of it all. $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. The antimatter bomb is something any country rich enough could potentially make but its so expensive no country has put in the effort. Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? A much smaller amount embedded near the heart could of course kill you but the grenade-sized amount insures fairly well you won't survive--particularly if it is applied all at once directly to the body. Both antimatter and matter were created after the big bang, and the universe should be made up of 50% matter, and 50% antimatter. ", "Beirut Blast: How does yield of 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate compare against Halifax explosion, Hiroshima bombing? - Georg Patscheider Nov 30, 2018 at 14:03 That gives you a nice $1,200 km^2$ blast incineration area. Antimatter is one of the most unstable substances in the world. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. A blast wave unleashes a large amount of energy that causes changes in pressure and temperature along its path. Con: You need a lotta bombs. 10 grams of antimatter will annihilate 10 g matter, which just produces 429.6 kT. You could probably reduce your targets from 7 B to a few dozen by targeting, say, the leaders of a few large nations or the microprocessors in their early-warning systems, and let the ensuing nuclear strikes and counter-strikes do the rest. It's exactly the same as matter, except all the electrical charges of its component parts are reversed. I mean, in the book I read, they had an antimatter device that you could hold in your hand and it would have destroyed I believe the entire Vatican City. rev2023.5.1.43405. The team hasn't found any other meaningful differences between matter and antimatter. Would matter-antimatter annihilation create a fireball or not? Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle. And that means no particles would remain to eventually become people, stars, and galaxies. Find out more about shock waves in our oblique shock calculator and Prandtl Meyer expansion calculator. This is one of the more common types of "TNT equivalence" and is the one used on USGS form 9-4040A. The reaction of 1 kg of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8 10 17 J (180 petajoules) of energy (by the mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc 2), or the rough equivalent of 43 megatons of TNT - slightly less than the yield of the 27,000 kg Tsar Bomba, the largest thermonuclear weapon ever detonated. If you have an absurdly large fireball it will tend to spread more upwards (less pressure, longer mean-free path) and send a big plasma cloud up - bad from an electromagnetic pulse, ozone layer and IR energy igniting stuff perspective. Shock waves The fictional bomb works by touching 1 gram of matter to 1 gram of antimatter a substance made of sub-atomic particles with properties opposite those of normal matter particles causing. A block in a city? Let's shoot to heat up the atmosphere by 200K; there's no way anyone's surviving that. Source: Ian Goddard and Cockell, Charles S. Impossible Extinction. All of the other answers here are super overkill for this. Or a kilogram? and our ", "La Garita Mountains grew from volcanic explosions 35 million years ago", "The thought experiment: What would happen if the supervolcano under Yellowstone erupted? Even on larger time scales, creating enough anti-matter to destroy the earth will still be very difficult without invoking the drop a rock strategy. I think this is a very conservative answer in that it is very certain to get the job done. He says an alternative hypothesis is that we're living in a part of the Universe filled with matter but other parts might be full of antimatter. Anti Matter Energy Calculator. any large scale destruction of a city, with non antimatter device, on earth of a nuclear ready country would trigger mutually assured destruction, in what is estimated to be a thousand times over. 10 grams of antimatter will annihilate 10 g matter, which just produces 429.6 kT. This amazing device creates a region of space where the magnetic field gets larger in all directions. There is no nuclear bomb that comes close to the power this bomb would have. "If we don't find a difference between matter and antimatter, then that's going to be the only remaining explanation," Professor Doser says. Except the isochoric heat capacity of earth atmosphere is $C_v=.717kJ*kg^{-1}*K^{-1}$. I mean, in Star Trek, they use Matter/Antimatter reactions to power their starships, it's pretty powerful. thanks for the detailed answer! However, the mean free path is so short at ambient pressure that they will react before going far (doing it in the upper atmosphere might produce a much larger and fuzzier fireball). ", National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, "How much energy does an earthquake release? Today, it takes nearly a year for an unmanned spacecraft to reach Mars. Actually, its even worse than that, because matter and antimatter particles annihilate one another whenever they come into contact! "Bananas are a perfect unit for antimatter production. The shock wave is usually spherical or hemispherical in shape. Check your math. Surely you remember Einstein's famous E = Mc2. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4.184 kilojoules (or 4184 joules) of energy are released. For example, if a timber-cutting formula calls for a charge of 1kg of TNT, then based on octanitrocubane's RE factor of 2.38, it would take only 1.0/2.38 (or 0.42) kg of it to do the same job. Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. Would a kilogram of antimatter be equal to a 500kg bomb of conventional Heavy Exosives? This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced. However for only $600,000 you could fit a 10 millionth of a gram of antimatter into a snipers bullet. Both humans and bananas only produce a tiny amount of antimatter, which is why we havent all been destroyed. It seems like 2, 200kg antimatter bombs, in short succession, dropped into the Yellowstone Caldera would be fairly certain to ignite a life ending volcanic eruption saving a trillion tons of antimatter, more or less. He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. Antimatter was successfully stored for the first time in 2010. "Even in that hypothesis you'd still need a gram of antimatter, which would take 10 billion years to accumulate," Professor Doser says. Note It is convention to use ton compared to short ton, net ton American or tonne (1000 kilogrammes.) But, taking the statement as accurate (and the source appears to be of generally high quality to me). This result eliminates one possible loophole that Big Bang cosmologists were hoping to exploit in an attempt to solve this longstanding problem with their model. The damage done to the biosphere here is more due to pressure and heat than radioactivity. So not only would they be more powerful than nukes, but also more likely to be used on people. A merger of two black holes, resulting in the. This means that even if a supposed Big Bang could somehow create a universe, that universe would forever remain devoid of matter, unlike the actual universe in which we live. So 1 mg 18F-FDG will produce about ~10^15 times as much annihilation energy as a single anti-proton (these are just rough estimates to get a feel for the magnitudes involved). TBX (thermobaric explosives) or EBX (enhanced blast explosives), in a small, confined space, may have over twice the power of destruction. Although submission of USGS form 9-4040-A is not mandatory, IME recommends that applicable mining operations submit the form to keep U.S. antiproliferation authorities informed. This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy. We know from the show that they use Deuterium and Anti-Deuterium, so not a "complex" element compared to say, using Uranium and Anti-Uranium. You'll need a fair bit of antimatter, um, let's see 1 Mt is $4.1\times10^{15} J$ so the Tsar Bomba (in the tested config) at $42MT = 1.72 \times10^{17} J$ Crash it into an iridium block. How to force Unity Editor/TestRunner to run at full speed when in background? Now they're back in Kyiv, Baby with bowel obstruction died after hospital's failures, coroner finds, NT Chief Minister apologises to outgoing police commissioner over retirement settlement comments, Nouma is an island paradise but for the next year you're not allowed to swim, Live: Celebrities arrive at the Met Gala for fashion's biggest night, Texas college baseball player accidentally shot during game, Three firefighters rushed to hospital, one critical, after factory fire south of Brisbane, Live: Reserve Bank tipped to leave interest rates on hold for a second month, ASX to open lower. [5][6][7][8], Where for example the comparison is by energy yield, an explosive's energy is normally expressed for chemical purposes as the thermodynamic work produced by its detonation. Use this specific gravity calculator to find the specific gravity of different materials and see whether they will float or sink. Did you get it? It's one antiparticle per hour, approximately," Professor Doser says. The recipethey use at CERN's Antimatter Factory to achieve this feat is: One in every million collisions creates a proton-antiproton pair. Number 3 just a really big bang deep down. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The approximate total yield of the super-eruption of the. When groups of people are asked to name the most expensive substance, the variety of answers is hilarious. This high-pressure wave, i.e., the blast wave, travels until it interacts with an object and reflects back. The energy liberated by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4184J,[12] which is exactly one kilocalorie. Gas-expansion and pressure-change effects tend to "freeze" the burn rapidly. Why are players required to record the moves in World Championship Classical games? Here they create and capture this bizarre anti-stuff. Or would it be more like a conventional ~50kg artillery shell? It only takes a minute to sign up. For the similarly named weight measurements, see, The explosion from a 14-kiloton nuclear test at the. Small TNT explosions, especially in the open, don't tend to burn the carbon-particle and hydrocarbon products of the explosion. E = mc^2 Each gram of antimatter will release roughly twice as much energy as the Hiroshima bomb. The estimated energy at impact when the largest fragment of, Estimates in 2010 show that the kinetic energy of the. What differentiates living as mere roommates from living in a marriage-like relationship? Professor Doser leads a team studying this strange, expensive, explosive stuffin the wonderfully named Antimatter Factory. Theviolence of an antimatterreactionwas clearly demonstrated when a tiny pinch of the stuff exploded over Vatican City in the fictional Dan Brown epic, Angels and Demons. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Antimatter annihilation from anti-hydrogen is surprisingly messy: it will not be pure gamma rays. Speed it up enormously 3. From some rough calculations with 10g of anti hydrogen, I came out at roughly a gigatonne of TNT's worth of energy - 1.2x10^22J. Counting and finding real solutions of an equation. 1 gram of TNT = 700 calories = 700*4.1868 joules. But even this is insanely expensive for only one bullet. You'd think a Galaxy Class Starship would take a chunk out of a nearby planet by comparison. At the moment of the Big Bang, all the energy of the Universe was concentrated and exploded. In all honesty you can probably get away with less because the force of the explosion will likely kill many humans. A 10kg antimatter bomb would cause a gigantic 230 megaton explosion. 1212 New York Ave., NW, Suite 650 Washington, DC 20005 | Phone: 202-429-9280 | Email: info@ime.org. Answer (1 of 3): What would happen if we detonated an antimatter bomb on Earth? Privacy Policy. "We want to study it to see why it's not here anymore and why the Universe isn't just empty.". For Starship, using B9 and later, how will separation work if the Hydrualic Power Units are no longer needed for the TVC System? By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Take a proton (a charged subatomic particle) 2. What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? In 1996, the Mars Global Surveyor took 11 months to arrive at Mars. But other than this probably being impossible, it may just start the race for the antimatter bomb. During this interval, the pressure rises abruptly to a peak value and then decays exponentially over time. Current technology only allows us to store small amounts of antimatter in each Penning trap. The "kiloton (of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 terajoules (4.1841012J). What if I had 1 anti-hydrogen atom or enough antimatter that's equal in "weight" to a hydrogen atom? Currently we use fusion not antimatter, however whereas fusion only converts 1% of the fuels mass energy into thrust, antimatter can convert 40%. The first is that the technology developed in CERN's Antimatter Factory has been appliedin medical imaging tools calledPET scanners. What are the arguments for/against anonymous authorship of the Gospels, Weighted sum of two random variables ranked by first order stochastic dominance. When it hits the target the capsule breaks and the air/target get hit by the antimatter. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. The pressure decays exponentially over time and has positive and negative (suction) phases. Unravelling this cosmic conundrum is what the researchers at CERN's Antimatter Factory are trying to do. But because this claim is not based on any empirical science, its never been anything more than pure speculation. But that would miss all the boats, planes and submarines crowding their primitive buoyancy based transportation lanes. Matter-antimatter annihilation from a hypothetical macroscopic explosion would produce the same particles as proton-antiproton annihilation in microscopic quantities in accelerator experiments. However that would require a lot more than 10kg. Indiana Jones level kill you immediately radiation dosage is about 100000 rads, so that's about 290,000 kg of antiprotons spread out evenly. Back To Anycalculator.com If those are still fairly small numbers, how big would the Enterprise D exploding really be? This means that although equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have formed, they weren't quite equal, he adds. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. A city entirely? The antimatter we produce collides with matter and gets annihilated without us even noticing.
French 
English